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Robotics Track

Robotics:
Arduino Line Follower

4.8 (1,230 reviews)

Nobody learns robotics from slides. Build your first robot from scratch: learn how a robot senses, thinks and acts, wire real circuits on a breadboard, program an Arduino, read IR sensors, drive motors with PWM, and tune a control algorithm until your robot follows a line at speed. Every session ends with something that moves, blinks or prints to a screen, and you leave with a working robot you built and programmed yourself.

Created by Avanteia
12,580 Total Enrolled
02 Oct 2026 Last Updated
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Robotics course in Goa โ€“ build and program an Arduino line follower robot at Avanteia Mapusa
1 Month Duration
Certificate On Completion
2โ€“3 per Kit Team Format
4 Modules Syllabus
1 Month Duration
16 Hours 8 Labs ยท 1 Race Day
English Language

Overview

This hands-on robotics course needs no coding or electronics background. You start with the sense, think, act loop behind every robot, then learn electricity without the fear: Ohm's Law, LEDs, resistors and breadboard circuits. You program an Arduino Uno to read buttons, potentiometers and light sensors, and use PWM to control brightness and speed. You then learn how IR sensors see a line and how motor drivers move a robot, assemble the chassis and wire everything against your own hand-drawn diagram, and finish by designing and tuning a control algorithm, from simple bang-bang logic to proportional and PID control, for a timed race day. The robot is built step by step: by Session 4 it drives, by Session 6 it reacts to the world, and by Session 8 it follows a line at speed. Nothing is a black box, and every team can explain every wire on their board.

Arduino Electronics Programming IR Sensors Motors & PWM Line Following PID Tuning Bluetooth RC

Learning Outcome

Every team leaves with a working line-following robot they built and programmed themselves, and the skills to read a circuit, write and debug Arduino code, drive motors, tune a controller and diagnose a robot that does not work.

Syllabus

Click any module to expand and view topics, hands-on labs and tools used.

  • Sense, think, act: the loop behind every robot, from a washing machine to a Mars rover
  • What a microcontroller is, and how it differs from a computer
  • Anatomy of the Arduino Uno: ATmega328P, digital pins 0โ€“13, analog pins A0โ€“A5, 5V, 3.3V and GND, USB, barrel jack and reset
  • Open source hardware and why the Arduino ecosystem exists
  • Voltage, current and resistance; Ohm's Law (V = I ร— R) with worked examples
  • Why an LED needs a resistor, and how to size it (220ฮฉ vs 330ฮฉ)
  • How a breadboard is wired inside: rails vs terminal strips; series vs parallel
  • Safety: short circuits, reverse polarity, and never connecting a motor directly to a signal pin
Hands-on Lab
Unbox the Kit & Identify Every Component Upload Blink & Morse Your Team's Initials External LED Circuit on a Breadboard 3-LED Traffic Light Sequence Multimeter: Measure Voltage & Current
Tools Used
Arduino Uno R3 Arduino IDE 2.x Breadboard & Jumper Wires LEDs & Resistors Multimeter
  • Structure of a sketch: setup() runs once, loop() runs forever
  • pinMode(), digitalWrite() and delay()
  • Variables and data types: int, float, boolean, const
  • Conditionals (if, else if, else) and loops (for and while)
  • The Serial Monitor as your window into what the board is thinking
  • Digital vs analog signals; digitalRead(), floating pins, INPUT_PULLUP and switch debouncing
  • analogRead() and the 10-bit ADC: why values run 0โ€“1023
  • PWM and analogWrite(): why 0โ€“255, and how a square wave fakes an analog voltage
  • Mapping ranges with map() and constrain()
Hands-on Lab
Traffic Light with Variables & a For Loop Print Counters over Serial at 9600 Baud Find & Fix Deliberate Bugs Reaction-Timer Game Button-Controlled LED with INPUT_PULLUP Potentiometer Dimmer with PWM LDR Night-Light
Tools Used
Arduino IDE Serial Monitor Push Buttons Potentiometer LDR
  • The IR reflectance sensor: an IR LED and a phototransistor side by side
  • Why black absorbs and white reflects, and how that changes the sensor's output voltage
  • Digital IR modules vs raw analog sensors (TCRT5000); sensor height (3โ€“8 mm) and ambient light interference
  • Calibration and thresholding; sensor array geometry (2 sensors minimum, 3โ€“5 far better)
  • DC motors and BO / TT gear motors: torque vs speed, and why gearing matters
  • Why an Arduino pin cannot drive a motor: current limits vs stall current
  • The H-bridge: forward, reverse, brake and coast
  • Motor drivers compared: L298N, L293D shield and TB6612FNG
  • PWM speed control, back-EMF, and power architecture: separate motor supply, common ground, and why shared power causes resets
Hands-on Lab
Print Raw IR Values & Find the Black / White Threshold Tune a Digital IR Module with Its Trimpot Live Readout from the Full Sensor Array Test Sensors under Three Lighting Conditions Run Motors Forward, Reverse & Stop from Code Write forward(), left(), right() & stop() Functions PWM Speed Sweep & Motor Trim Matching
Tools Used
IR Sensor Modules / TCRT5000 L298N or TB6612FNG Motor Driver BO / TT Gear Motors Multimeter Team Logbook
  • Chassis layout: motor placement, caster wheel, and a front, low, centred sensor array
  • Centre of gravity, battery placement and cable management
  • Battery options: 2 ร— 18650 Li-ion, 9 V alkaline (and why to avoid it) or a 6 ร— AA pack
  • Bang-bang control with 2 sensors: simple, works, wobbles
  • Weighted logic with 3โ€“5 sensors: compute a position error and steer proportionally
  • PID, conceptually: Kp for the present error, Ki for persistent error, Kd to damp oscillation
  • Handling the all-white case (line lost), sharp corners and intersections
  • Systematic debugging: isolate, don't guess. Test power, then sensors, then motors, then combined
Hands-on Lab
Full Mechanical Assembly Draw Your Wiring Diagram, Then Wire to It Power-On Checklist & Integration Test Bang-Bang Control on the Practice Track Upgrade to Weighted / Proportional Control Tune Kp and Kd, One Variable at a Time Project: Arduino Line Follower Robot Race Day on the Competition Track
Tools Used
Acrylic Chassis & Caster Wheel 18650 Cells / AA Battery Pack Soldering Station Practice & Competition Tracks Team Logbook
  • HC-05 / HC-06 Bluetooth modules and UART serial communication
  • Voltage divider warning: the HC-05 RX pin is 3.3 V logic, and a bare 5 V connection can damage it
  • SoftwareSerial for a second serial port
  • Reading single-character commands (F, B, L, R, S) from a phone app
  • A mode switch: toggle between autonomous line following and manual RC control with a button
Tools Used
HC-05 Bluetooth Module SoftwareSerial Phone Control App

What You Will Learn

Electronics & Circuits

Understand voltage, current and resistance, read a basic circuit diagram and build it on a breadboard safely.

Arduino Programming

Write, upload and debug Arduino sketches, and read digital and analog inputs using the Serial Monitor.

Sensors & Motors

Calibrate IR sensors and drive DC motors through a motor driver with PWM speed control.

Control & Troubleshooting

Design and tune a control algorithm to follow a line, and diagnose a non-working robot systematically.

What Our Students Say

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Ready to Build
Your First Robot?

Learn electronics, Arduino coding and control tuning, and race a robot you built yourself. Enroll today and get certified on completion.

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